GMMC Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies
Research Management Cell, Gupteshwor Mahadev Multiple Campus
It is with great pride and enthusiasm that the Editorial Board presents the fourteenth volume of this annual research publication. This volume reflects the continued commitment of the Research Management Cell of Gupteshwor Mahadev Multiple Campus (GMMC) to fostering academic excellence, interdisciplinary scholarship, and a vibrant research culture within the institution. Volume 14 brings together a diverse collection of peer-reviewed articles covering a wide range of academic areas, including management, economics, education, health sciences, literature, and the social sciences. The studies address timely and relevant issues such as consumer behavior and pricing strategies, financial inclusion through fintech, microfinance and women’s empowerment, and the role of remittance in Nepal’s economic growth. These contributions offer meaningful empirical evidence and theoretical perspectives that enrich academic discourse and inform policy and practice. Important governance, health, and education-related themes are also explored in this volume. Research examining public experiences of corruption in service delivery highlights institutional challenges, while a study on parental knowledge and attitudes toward childhood strabismus provides valuable insights for public health awareness. Contributions on mentoring learners beyond formal classroom contexts emphasize innovative and learner-centered pedagogical practices. The volume further includes scholarly works in literature, ethics, and humanism, alongside research on green employee empowerment and sustainable human resource management, reflecting growing global concerns for ethical leadership and environmental responsibility. The inclusion of a contribution in the Nepali language reinforces the publication’s commitment to linguistic diversity and local scholarship. The Editorial Board extends sincere gratitude to all authors, reviewers, and institutional stakeholders for their valuable contributions. As this fourteenth volume is released, we reaffirm our dedication to advancing interdisciplinary research and scholarly excellence in the years ahead.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
प्रस्तुत लेख गुणात्मक अनुसन्धानमा आधारित छ । यस लेखमा मानव मनको स्वभावका बारेमा चर्चा गरिएको छ । मुख्यतः पुस्तकालयीय अध्ययनमा आधारित यस लेखमा मानव मनका सम्बन्धमा पूर्वका श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता र श्रीमद्भागवतम्जस्ता ग्रन्थमा व्यक्त गरिएको विचारका बारेमा विमर्श गरिएको छ । मानव मनलाई उल्लिखित ग्रन्थबाहेक पूर्वका अन्य शास्त्रीय ग्रन्थमा कुन रूपमा चित्रण गरिएको छ भन्ने कुराको समेत खुलासा प्रस्तुत आलेखमा गरिएको छ । मन नै मानवका हरेक क्रिया तथा प्रतिक्रियाहरूको जनक हो । एक हिसाबले भन्दा मन नै मानवको सुख र दुःखको जननी हो । तसर्थ मन शान्त हुँदा मानिसहरू दिव्य आनन्दको अवस्थामा रहन्छन् भने मन अशान्त हुँदा मानिसहरू बेचैनी वा तनावको अवस्थामा रहन्छन् । यस दृष्टिले हेर्दा मन नै हाम्रो शत्रु र मित्रु दुवै हो । शान्त मन हाम्रो मित्रु हो भने अशान्त मन हाम्रो शत्रु हो । पूर्वीय गीता र भागवतम्जस्ता शास्त्रीय ग्रन्थमा भक्तियोग, ज्ञानयोग र ध्यानयोगका माध्यमबाट मनलाई कसरी शान्त र आनन्दित तुल्याउन सकिन्छ भन्ने कुरा उल्लेख गरिएको छ । यस आलेखमा उल्लिखित पूर्वीय शास्त्रीय ग्रन्थहरूलाई अध्ययनको केन्द्र बनाई मानव मनको स्वभाव र यसलाई शान्त पार्ने विषयमा शास्त्रीय ग्रन्थहरूको सहारा लिई उक्त जिज्ञासालाई समाधान गर्ने प्रयास गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनबाट मानव मनको स्वभाव र मन कसरी शान्त राख्न सकिन्छ भन्ने विषयमा जानकारी राख्न चाहने अध्येता तथा जिज्ञासुहरू लाभान्वित हुनेछन् भन्ने अपेक्षा गरिएको छ ।
Financial Inclusion Among Women Through FinTech in Pokhara
Financial inclusion creates opportunities for women’s economic participation. The aim of the study is to examine the impact of Fintech adoption on financial inclusion among women. Hence this study used a convenience sampling method to collect data form 216 respondents. Descriptive as well as causal research design was employed to conduct the study. Multiple regression analysis revealed that facilitating conditions, effort expectancy, and personal innovativeness determined the intention to use FinTech among women. In addition, FinTech adoption can be a catalyst to improve financial inclusion among women. The study also claims the partial mediation of actual use of FinTech in the relationship between intention to use FinTech and financial inclusion. The study offers valuable insights for policymakers and financial institutions regarding the association between Fintech and financial inclusion.
Mentoring EFL Learners Beyond the Formal Classroom Context
Mentoring beyond the formal classroom context has been a good practice for relational experience for both EFL teachers and learners around the world. As it is an emerging practice here in Nepal, this has brought an enlightenment on the relationship between teachers and students. This study displays an emerging practice of mentoring in EFL within the Nepali context. Carrying out semi-structured interviews with five English educators and three students from national and international institutions, the research reveals that mentoring beyond the formal classroom context offers a significant benefit such as teacher-student rapport, enhanced motivation, improvement on the language confidence. The research also demonstrates some challenges such as limited exposure and practice, time management and lack of institutional initiatives. The B.Ed English syllabus does not include the mentoring as a professional development for teacher trainers too which trains a lot of teacher trainees all over Nepal. The research recommends for a planned relationship- based mentoring practice focusing on the enhancement for both teachers and students. This research suggests educators, stakeholders, policymakers to intergrade intentional mentoring practice within the formal and beyond the formal EFL classroom context in Nepal.
Role of Microfinance Services on Enhancing Quality of Life of Women in Pokhara Metropolitan City
Microfinance services including savings, insurance, remittance, and microcredit primarily target women, empowering them to generate income, create assets, and achieve greater financial independence. This study examines the role of microfinance in fostering the quality of life of female clients with a specific focus on microfinance institutions in Pokhara metropolitan, Kaski, Nepal. A sample of 171 respondents was selected from unknown population using a convenience sampling method. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and linear regression techniques. The findings reveal that microfinance significantly improves the economic status of women by enabling them to start small businesses, increase savings, and enhance consumption. Among the different dimensions, financial literacy and micro-enterprise development emerged as the most influential factors, showing significant positive effects on quality of life. While microcredit contributes modestly, micro-insurance demonstrates a weaker influence, suggesting limited perceived benefi ts. Overall, microfinance initiatives strengthen financial capabilities but only moderately translate into improved quality of life, indicating the need for more comprehensive and targeted interventions. The results underscore the importance of microfinance in driving societal and national development, offering valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in microfinance institutions (MFIs).
Assessment of the Effect of Remittance on the Economic Growth of Nepal: A Time Series Analysis
This study examines the impact of remittance on the economic growth of Nepal employing time series data. The analysis has incorporated the macroeconomic variables such as GDP, Remittance (REM), Balance of Payments (BOP), Private Consumption (PCO), and Private Investment (PIN), using 48 years observations. Unit root tests indicated that the variables are integrated at mixed levels of I (0) and I (1), justifying the use of ARDL model. A structural break in 2010 was incorporated using a dummy variable. The long-run results indicated a significant negative relationship between remittance and GDP, where a percentage increase in remittance reduces GDP by 0.155 percent. BOP, PCO, and PIN exhibited positive but statistically insignificant long-run effects. In the short run, remittance has a significant negative effect in the current year but significant positive impacts in its first and second lags. The error correction term is -0.5972, suggesting that nearly 60 percent of the short-run disequilibrium adjusts back to long-run equilibrium annually. A significant positive time trend and structural break influence were also observed through the analysis of the data. The model was approved through all the major diagnostic and stability tests, reflecting the reliable results. Findings suggest that while remittance may support short-term consumption, they do not have positive contribution in the long-term economic growth.
Lived Experiences of Corruption in Public Service Delivery: A Phenomenological Study in Butwal, Nepal
The level of corruption in Nepal in the public services is still eroding institutions and the trust of the people. This paper employed phenomenology and focused on how the general public perceive and feel corruptness within the government agencies. It presumes that the experience of users can shed light on how corruption is continued to exist. We applied phenomenology in order to investigate actual experiences of corruption. Convenience sampling was used to select five service users of government agencies from Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City, who were interviewed using semi-structured questions. Our interview was manually coded and employing of principal-agent, collective action, institutional, and game theories to interpret the fi ndings. Four main themes were found. The former: the users perceive corruption as a time-saving tool. They perceive informal payments as an instrument of accelerating processes and lessening the losses incurred due to the bureaucracy. The second theme: bureaucracy is so complicated, numerous documents, and lack of transparency present circumstances such that promote corruption. The third theme: corruption is a new way of life. Businesses and citizens depend on informal payments in terms of how services should operate. Corrupt behaviour is accepted by people though they are aware that the system is being damaged by it. The fourth theme: the users are extremely intensified and discontented with the government and officials attribute the bad progress in economy to the overbearing prevalence and low regulation. The paper demonstrates that corruption does not increase because the laws against corruption are not in place; it is just a preference of the structures that makes people believe that corruption is a reasonable response to bureaucratic hurdles and government interference. Reforms should be done to cut down corruption, ease the processing, increase transparency, accountability, and reasonable compensation; not just to penalize individuals in already corrupt system.
Pricing Strategies and Their Impact on Consumer Buying Behavior: An Empirical Study of Kathmandu’s Organized FMCG Retail Market
This study aims to determine the impact of pricing strategies on consumer buying behavior on FMCG products inside Kathmandu valley. The causal and descriptive research design was employed in the study to investigate the cause-and-effect relationship between pricing strategies and consumer buying behavior on FMCG products inside Kathmandu Valley. Data was gathered from 250 respondents through structured questionnaire distributed via Google forms and convenience sampling was used. Quantitative analysis involved both descriptive and inferential statistics, employing the SPSS. Out of the five pricing strategies considered for the study, discount, psychological, competitive and penetration pricing had a positive and significant impact on consumer buying behavior. However, bundle pricing didn’t have a positive significant impact on consumer buying behavior. This study contributes valuable insight to retails determining correct pricing strategy for different products. The application of this study is extensive. Industry, professional, researchers and policymakers by advancing understanding and best practices in FMCG and retail industries, collectively fostering a more responsible offering.
Knowledge And Attitude on Strabismus of Parents wiith Strabismic Children
Strabismus is a common pediatric ocular condition that affects binocular vision and is associated with significant psychosocial consequences. In developing countries such as Nepal, delayed diagnosis and treatment are frequently attributed to poor parental awareness and prevalent cultural misconceptions. Assessing parental knowledge and attitudes is therefore crucial for improving early intervention and visual outcomes. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2023 to December 2024 at Lumbini Eye Institute & Research Center (LEIRC), Rupandehi, Nepal, to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of parents of children with strabismus. A total of 143 parents of children aged 1–16 years were recruited using convenience sampling. Data were collected using a pretested, structured questionnaire consisting of six knowledge-based and seven attitude-based items. Knowledge scores ≥4 were categorized as “good knowledge,” and attitude scores ≥5 were considered a “positive attitude.” Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Findings showed that only 29.4% of respondents had good knowledge, whereas 61.5% demonstrated a positive attitude toward strabismus. Most parents recognized strabismus as a treatable condition (95.1%) and perceived it as a cosmetic concern (73.4%). Spectacles were the most commonly identifi ed treatment option (64.3%). No statistically significant association was found between knowledge and attitude (p = 0.486). In conclusion, although parental knowledge regarding strabismus was limited, attitudes were generally positive. This may reflect strong cultural values related to family care and growing trust in institutional eye care services. Community-based health education and school health programs could play a crucial role in enhancing early detection and timely management of strabismus in Nepal.
Functional And Humanistic Clues As Determinants of Consumer Loyalty: A Study of Fast Food Restaurant Business, Pokhara
Consumer experience is a determinant that assists in attaining the customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, and customer retention. The fast-food restaurant segment has been one of service sectors that has experienced unprecedented expansion due to the rising number of local and foreign visitors and the shifting lifestyle trend of urban consumers. The experience of the consumer is usually defined by the reaction to three main aspects of the dining experience the physical space, the service quality and behavior of staff, and the quality of food delivered. The main objective of this study is to identify the relationship between functional cues and humanistic cues on consumer loyalty in fast food restaurant business along with intermediating role of perceived quality. The research adopted a positivism paradigm and quantitative research design. The research was conducted through deductive approach by relying on existing theories and hypotheses. The sample size of 300 respondents was chosen by use of convenience sampling among the inhabitants of Pokhara. The respondents were the customers of fast food restaurants that are available within Pokhara valley. A structured questionnaire based on functional and humanistic cues was used to collect data. The mediation effect of perceived quality with consumer loyalty is analyzed. PLS-SEM was used to analyze the relationship between variables and verification of hypotheses of the suggested model. This study result indicated that Humanistic clues and Functional clues play a significant role in consumer loyalty. Whereas, the mediation effect of perceived quality between Humanistic clues and consumer loyalty is substantial but the mediation effect of perceived quality between Functional clues and consumer loyalty is non-significant. Thus, the study conclude that the customer retention and their positive word of mouth to the other customers relies on the way the service provider treat the customers and the quality and physical appearance of the products delivered to them.
A Systematic Literature Review on Green Employee Empowerment and Green Human Resource Management
This study aims to systematically review and synthesize the existing literature on Green Employee Empowerment (GEE) within the context of Green Human Resource Management (GHRM). A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted following the PRISMA framework. Data were collected from the Dimensions database using the search strings “Green,” “Employee,” “Empowerment,” and “Human Resource Management,” focusing on journal articles published between 2016 and 2025. A total of 936 articles were initially identified, and after rigorous screening and eligibility assessment, 59 studies were included for synthesis. Thematic analysis was employed to extract patterns and conceptual relationships. The review identified six major themes: (a) GHRM practices and organizational outcomes, (b) employee empowerment and proenvironmental behavior, (c) leadership and psychological empowerment, (d) training and knowledge management, (e) work-life balance and employee retention, and (f) innovation, creativity, and green performance. Each theme demonstrated that empowerment fosters environmental responsibility, innovation, and sustainable organizational behavior through supportive HR systems and participatory cultures. The findings suggest that GEE serves as a strategic enabler of sustainability by enhancing employee engagement, green innovation, and environmental citizenship. Organizations should integrate empowerment-based HR practices and leadership support to strengthen sustainable performance and green transformation.
It is with immense pride and pleasure that the editorial team of GMMC presents the thirteenth edition of the annual research publication, “GMMC Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies”. This milestone marks the culmination of dedicated efforts from the Research Management Cell of GMMC, which has consistently upheld a tradition of academic excellence and scholarly contributions for over thirteen years. Continuing its legacy, this journal serves as a testament to our unwavering commitment to fostering a research-oriented culture among our faculty and contributors. Each of the 11 research articles included in this volume embodies the highest standards of academic rigor, adhering to international norms and cutting-edge methodologies. The articles are drawn from a wide array of disciplines, including management, literature, pedagogy, culture, and philosophy, ensuring the journal stays true to its interdisciplinary mission. As an academic institution, GMMC remains steadfast in its pursuit of knowledge creation and dissemination. This publication not only provides a platform for researchers to share their work but also inspires our faculty and scholars to keep exploring, questioning, and contributing to the expanding horizons of knowledge. By facilitating research and publication, GMMC emphasizes its role as a dynamic institution where learning transcends traditional boundaries, encouraging educators and researchers to venture beyond fixed curricula and established frameworks. In this thirteenth volume, the diversity and depth of the included research reflect our contributors' relentless curiosity and academic integrity. These works aim to bridge theoretical understanding with practical applications, offering insights that enrich the academic community and benefit society at large. We extend our heartfelt gratitude to all contributors, whose scholarly works form the backbone of this journal. Our sincere thanks also go to the Campus Administration, Peer Review Team, Campus Management Committee, Gupteshwor Mahadev Cave Management Committee, and all stakeholders for their unwavering support and collaboration. It is through their collective efforts that this journal continues to thrive as a beacon of academic achievement. As we release this edition on the eve of December 31, 2024, we look forward to sustaining this tradition of excellence and anticipate even more impactful contributions in the years to come. Editorial Board GMMC Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Volume 13, December 2024
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
लेखनाथ पौड्याल र उनको ‘पिँजराको सुगा’ कवितामा अभिव्यञ्जित भाव
लेखनाथ पौड्याल र उनको पिँजराको सुगा कवितामा अभिव्यञ्जित भावको विश्लेषण गर्ने उद्देश्यमा यस अनुसन्धानात्मक लेख आधारित छ । यस लेखको अध्ययनको प्रमुख क्षेत्र लेखनाथ पौड्याल र पिँजराको सुगा कविता रहेको छ । यस अध्ययनको समस्याका रूपमा लेखनाथ पौड्यालको कवि व्यक्तित्व र पिँजराको सुगा कवितामा अभिव्यञ्जित भावको स्वरूपलाई लिइएको छ । लेखनाथको कवि व्यक्तित्व र कविता यात्रा एवम् पिँजराको सुगा कवितामा अभिव्यञ्जित भाव कस्तो रहेको छ यस जिज्ञासालाई यस अध्ययनमा निरूपण गरिएको छ । लेखनाथले माध्यमिककालीन श्रृङ्गारिक प्रकृति र अनुवाद रूपान्तरणको परम्पराबाट फुत्कँदै परिष्कारवादी धाराका माध्यमबाट नेपाली कवितालाई आधुनिक युगमा प्रवेश गराएको पाइन्छ । लेखनाथका कवितामा युगीन सामाजिक चेतना, आध्यात्मिक चेत, सामाजिक एवम् आध्यात्मिक सुधार, पुनर्जागरणको प्रयत्न एवम् बौद्धिकताको समन्वय तथा भाषा र लयको सहज एवम् परिष्कृत प्रयोग पाइन्छ । पौड्यालको पिँजराको सुगा कविता अभिधात्मक रूपमा बालपाठ्यसामग्री पिँजरामा थुनिएको सुगाको कथा भए पनि व्यञ्जनात्मक रूपमा सहरीया सामन्ती परिवेशको पिँजरामा बाँच्न विवश कवि जीवन, राणाशासनको निरङ्कुश शासनको पिँजरामा थुनिएको नेपाली समाज एवम् सांसारिक पिँजरामा परेर बन्धनीय जीवनलाई यस लेखमा तइभ्वमीमांसाका रूपमा लिइएको छ । गुणात्मक प्रकृतिको यस लेखमा व्याख्यापरक विधिमार्फत विश्लेषण गरी ज्ञान निर्माण गरिएको छ । उद्देश्यमूलक नमुना छनौट पद्धतिको प्रयोग गरी प्राथमिक र द्वितीयक स्रोतका सामग्रीहरूबाट प्राप्त तथ्य एवम् प्रमाणका आधारमा लेखनाथ पौड्याल र उनको पिँजराको सुगा कविताको विश्लेषण गरिको छ । पुस्तकालयीय कार्यमार्फत सामग्री सङ्कलन गरी अध्ययन गरिएको यस अध्ययनमा कविलाई माध्यमिक कालको श्रृङ्गारिक धारामा उदाएर नेपाली कवितामा आधुनिकता ल्याउने कवि व्यक्तित्वको रूपमा चित्रण गरिएको छ । पँजराको सुगा कवितामा परिवर्तन र मुक्तिको चाहना राखिएको र उत्पीडनको विरोध गर्दै स्वतन्त्रताको आकाङ्क्षा एवम् आध्यात्मिक जीवनप्रतिको मोह अभिव्यञ्जित भएको छ भन्ने यस अध्ययनको निष्कर्ष रहेको छ ।
Examining the Behavioral Biases Influencing on ESG Investing: A Systematic Review using PRISMA
The aims of this study are to review past research on the relationship between behavioral biases and decision making in environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing. Data were collected from three databases (Google Scholar, JSTOR and Research 4 Life) using PRISMA in the context of behavioral biases and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing time frame from 2013 to 2023. The 2013 was the base period due to the cause of the Governance pillar in the Eurozone for ESG investing. The inclusion criteria for this review were publication published in the English language, open access articles, and only peer-reviewed articles. The findings of the study show that there is a significant relationship between behavioral biases and ESG investing. The researcher found that there are more male participants in the capital market and 35 distinct biases examining the ESG decision by investors with non-probability techniques to collect samples. This study extends the existing knowledge on the past study being research related to a relationship between behavioral biases and ESG investing. This study assists researchers, academicians, and policymakers in understanding the behavioral biases of investors while making ESG investing decisions. Further research can be carried out by researchers in other contexts pension funds, and life insurance as there are no studies undertaken in these areas.
environmental, social and governance (ESG) investing
Employees’ Perception of Green Banking Practices in Nepal
Green banking differs from traditional banking as it focuses on promoting environment-friendly banking. Nowadays, due to the huge deterioration of the environment, not only human beings but also the day-to-day business environment suffers adversely. The objective of this research paper is to assess employee perceptions towards green banking practices in Nepalese commercial banks. Furthermore, the paper aims to assess the mechanisms of green banking practices, to analyze the impact of banking activities on green banking practices, to analyze the relationship between banking activities and green banking practices, to analyze the significant difference between green banking practices and to assess the challenges of green banking practices in Nepal from the employees’ angle. This study used descriptive and casual comparative research design and it took a sample of 390 employees working in three sample commercial banks. The independent variables are operational activities; employee-related practices, customer-related practices and bank’s policy-related practice whereas the dependent variable is green banking practices. Based on the responses of employee, it is concluded that debit cards, mobile banking, credit cards, online banking, and electronic payment are common in Nepalese commercial banks. From the correlation and regression analysis, it was found that the independent variable has a positive significant relationship to the green banking practices. The practice of green banking is more or less similar among the sample banks and there is a lack of evidence of difference between gender and green banking practice in Nepal. Most of the employees of sample banks perceive that the major barrier for the effective practice of green banking is customers’ insufficient awareness. Hence the green banking practice is more or less compulsory for making their institution competitive so the apex body should formulate effective policies and customer and employees too aware immediately as soon as possible.
Exploring Issues for Sustainable Smart City Development: A Resident-Centric Case Study in Hetauda
This study explores the challenges and opportunities for sustainable smart city development in Hetauda, Nepal, through a resident-centric approach. Using surveys and interviews, it investigates urban issues, residents’ preferences for smart solutions, and their readiness to adopt new technologies. The findings reveal critical challenges, including inadequate healthcare, traffic congestion, poor drainage systems, lack of higher education institutions, and limited digitization in government services. Residents emphasized the need for smart healthcare systems, advanced traffic management, and improved public transportation, highlighting a preference for solutions that address both social and environmental concerns. The study underscores the importance of resident engagement in planning and decision-making, recommending mechanisms like public forums and citizen advisory boards to ensure inclusive development. It also calls for capacity building within local governments and transparent communication to address resident anxieties. By prioritizing public needs and integrating green technologies, Hetauda can create a smart city framework that enhances quality of life while promoting sustainability. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers, emphasizing a resident-driven approach to urban transformation. Its implications extend beyond Hetauda, offering lessons for other underdeveloped regions seeking to balance technological advancements with social and environmental goals in their journey towards sustainable urban development.
Bibliometric Analysis of Machine Learning Models for Stock Price Prediction
Machine learning models are becoming more popular for predicting stock prices. Their advanced algorithms often perform better than traditional statistical methods. This study aims to carry out a bibliometric analysis using VosViewer. It focuses on the number, variety, and connections of studies related to stock price prediction using Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forests, and Deep Learning techniques. Boolean operators were used to search for and filter relevant articles from the Dimensions database. We conducted a manual review to select only high-quality studies, resulting in 55 peer-reviewed articles for analysis. The analysis highlights important trends, influential studies, and collaborative networks in the field. This provides a clear overview of how machine learning models are developing for stock price prediction. There has been a notable rise in publications since 2013, with major contributions from institutions in the United States, the United Kingdom, India, and China. Emerging themes, especially deep learning applications, have been identified. However, there is still a lack of in-depth academic evaluation of these models. This study stresses the need for more empirical research to address algorithmic biases and improve model reliability. The findings offer useful insights for researchers and practitioners, guiding future studies and helping to develop more accurate stock price prediction models.
The Dynamics of Life Insurance Demand: Insights from Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City
This study aims to investigate the factors contributing to life insurance policy demand in this dynamic business scenario. The study identifies key variables, including demographic factors, economic factors, perceived service of insurance companies, company image, other insured and peer influence, and various motives of individuals as major explanatory factors of life insurance demand. The findings and conclusions are derived from a descriptive and causal-comparative study methodology that is survey-based. A comprehensive survey was performed among the residents of Butwal Sub-Metropolitan city. Considering the total number of insured residing in the Butwal Sub-metropolitan City population, 420 individuals purchased life insurance policies from the insurance company branch office located in Butwal, Sub-metropolitan city, was taken as a sample and approached through the help of the corresponding insurance company’s insurance agents. The study employed inferential statistical techniques to examine the strength of the explanatory variables in explaining the demand for life insurance. The study’s result revealed that economic factors, insurance service perception, insurance awareness, persuasion and influence, tax-saving motives, bequest motives and wealth accumulation motives are the most significant factors in explaining the life insurance demand. It is found from the Kruskal Wallis test that the number of dependent family members of respondents has a significant difference in the demand for life insurance. As a way to better meet customer needs and increase the total demand for life insurance policies in this dynamic business environment, insurance companies can use the study’s insightful findings to customize their offerings and marketing plans.
Awareness of Policyholders towards the Terms and Conditions of Life Insurance Policy
Life insurance is a long-term investment and risk management tool. Yet policyholders often fail to recall the major attributes of the policy and its terms and conditions. The memory, understand and awareness towards the life insurance policy is influenced by various factors. The research aims to examine the association between the policyholders’ mental states, including their recall of policy characteristics, the value placed on policies, and their retained knowledge with the age and level of education. The study follows quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional research design. Data were gathered from 474 purposively selected policyholders in Gandaki and Bagmati Province using structured questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential tools were employed for analysis. Most policyholders are unaware of the maturity period of their policies, while only 2% cannot recall the purchased year. Memory of terms like premium waivers shows weak correlations, with even weaker links for other contract details. Out of seven tested associations, age has been found to be an insignificant factor, but education significantly influenced recall of some policy aspects. Many policyholders neglect reading terms and conditions, relying heavily on agents or relatives. Factors such as forced selling, policy complexity, and overconfidence in insurers contribute to this behavior, as explained by Cognitive Dissonance Theory. Policyholders tend to avoid engaging with contract details to reduce psychological discomfort, leading to insufficient understanding and potential loss of benefits. The findings emphasize the need for insurers to implement better education and communication strategies to enhance policyholders’ awareness and engagement with their insurance products. Jel code: D83, G22
Use of ChatGPT and Its Impact on Students’ Learning Experience Among the Students from Higher Education Institutions in Pokhara
The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools like ChatGPT has seen rapid adoption among students for tasks such as writing, summarizing, and research in recent years. This study aims to investigate the factors influencing ChatGPT usage and its impact on students’ learning outcomes, focusing on higher education institutions (HEIs) in Pokhara, Nepal. A quantitative research approach was employed, utilizing descriptive and analytical designs. Data were collected from 184 valid responses through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using statistical tools, including mean analysis and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The study explored constructs such as reliability, accuracy, security, privacy, usefulness, and convenience. The findings reveal that convenience and reliability significantly influence the use of ChatGPT, while accuracy, security, and privacy do not show a statistically significant effect. Moreover, the study found a strong positive relationship between the use of ChatGPT and its impact on learning, indicating that increased usage leads to enhanced learning experiences, access to educational resources, and improved academic productivity. This study highlights that ease of use and reliability are key factors driving ChatGPT’s adoption in educational settings, providing valuable insights for educators and policymakers to optimize AI tools for effective learning.
Analysis of Generic Skills, Circumstances, Labor Market and Perceived Employability
Practical educational and human resource development strategies must maximize the relationship between skill development and employability outcomes. This research examined the relationship between external labor market, university brand, curriculum, emotional quotient, teamwork, and entrepreneurial skills with the student’s perceived employability. This study used a quantitative approach, descriptive research design, and a primary questionnaire method, along with collected 384 responses from college students. To determine sample non-probability convenience sampling used in the study. The study conducted regression, correlation analyses, and descriptive statistics to analyze the data. The findings show a positive relationship between SPE and factors like curriculum, university brand, entrepreneurial skill, emotional quotient, teamwork, and external labor market conditions. Importantly, the quality of the curriculum and the university brand were found to be fundamental determinants of how employable graduates felt about themselves. The study recommends increasing graduates’ employability by strengthening institutional reputation, encouraging entrepreneurial skills, and improving curriculum relevance. These observations add to the quantity of information on employability and provide helpful advice for academic institutions and policymakers who want to match curricula to industry needs better. Future researchers can examine the long-term effects of these traits and determine how applicable they are in different geographic and cultural perspectives. JEL Codes: J24, J62, I23, O15
Monetary Indicator and Economic Growth of SAARC Countries
Monetary indicators are the inflation rate, exchange rate, broad money supply, interest rate and so on. This study aims to investigate the association and effect of monetary indicators on economic growth of SAARC nations. The foreign direct investment is taken as a control variable. There are used descriptive and casual research designs. The investigation is based on panel data over 23-years period from 2000 to 2022 of selected seven SAARC nations: Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, and Sri-Lanka. The research used POLS model for data analysis. The study concludes that there is a positive association between monetary indicators (i.e. rate of interest) and economic growth rate whereas a negative association between broad money supply, inflation rate, exchange rate, and economic growth rate. Similarly, the positive effect of interest rate on the economic growth rate but the exchange rate and inflation rate negatively affect economic growth rate. Among the variables exchange rate is the most influencing variable, therefore the SAARC nations should consider maintaining stability of the exchange rate. Despite the remarkable progress monetary indicators have achieved over the years, they are mostly ineffective in achieving their policy objectives because of shortcomings in the tools at their disposal and monetary indicators considerably influence on the economic growth of selected SAARC nations. Consequently, the policy makers and regulators consider monetary policy variables to enhance economic growth in selected South Asian countries.
Women’s Labor Migration and Gender Nexus (A Study of Migrant’s Families in Pokhara, Nepal)
The study aimed to investigate and analyze the effects of the global market on gender practices. Women’s labor migration has multifaceted effects on families. In Nepal, there have been increasing trends of women’s labor migration in the last ten years, i.e., from 8595 in 2008/2009 to 20578 in 2018/2019, as per the Nepal Labor Migration Report 2020. The mobility of women’s migration doesn’t only boost national income but also makes women self-reliant. In Nepal’s traditional society and culture, this cumulative trend of women’s migration has created new discourse in gender practices. So, this study aims to investigate the reconstruction of gender roles and responsibilities and the shifting pattern of power in a household’s structure. Data from both primary sources and secondary literature is used to support the arguments. The study is guided by feminist standpoint theory and Marxian theory. The data were purposefully selected from 198 households of women’s migrant families in Pokhara, Nepal in 2022. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to gather the information. The finding reveals that the traditional patriarchal mode of society is changing, where women are more dependent on men for their survival. Not only migrant women, but the women left behind, who act as proxy managers, are playing a crucial role in household formation and decision-making. The various forms of capital gained in transnational space have not only changed cultural ideologies about gender practices but also assured women’s freedom, independence, and confidence in the public sphere of life.
नेपाली साहित्य, समसामयिक सन्दर्भ र अभिलक्षण
मानवीय अनुभव र संवेदनालाई कलात्मक रूपमा प्रस्तुत गर्ने काम साहित्यमा हुन्छ । साहित्यले लेखक पाठक, स्रोता सबैलाई हित गर्दछ । नेपाली साहित्य अन्तर्गत लघुकथा, कथा, उपन्यास, गजल, मुक्तक, फुटकर कविता, खण्डकाव्य, महाकाव्य, नाटक, एकाङ्की, संवाद, वादविवाद, जीवनी, निबन्ध आदि विधा, उपविधा पर्दछन् । प्रस्तुत लेखमा नेपाली साहित्य समसामयिक सन्दर्भ र अभिलक्षणलाई प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । नेपाली साहित्यका प्रमुख विधा नाटक, कविता, आख्यान र निबन्धका समसामयिक सन्दर्भ र अभिलक्षण के कस्ता रहेका छन् ? प्रस्तुत गर्ने सन्दर्भमा यो लेख तयार पारिएको छ । नाटक विधामा प्रयोगवादी प्रवृत्ति, विज्ञान नाटक, सडक नाटक (समूहगत) अभिलक्षणलाई जोड दिइएको छ । कविता विधामा सरलता, सम्प्रेष्य विषयवस्तु, स्वतन्त्रता, प्रजातान्त्रिक मूल्यमान्यतालाई जोड दिइएको छ । आख्यान अन्तर्गत पर्ने कथा र उपन्यास विधामा समतामूलक समाजको निर्माण, क्रान्तिकारी प्रगतिवादी चेतना, शोषित वर्ग सङ्गठित भइ अन्यायका विरुद्ध लाग्नुपर्ने पक्षलाई प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ भने निबन्ध विधाका समसामयिक प्रवृत्ति यात्रा वर्णन, हास्यव्यङ्ग्य दार्शनिकता, बौद्धिकता आदि रहेका छन् । यो लेखबाट स्नातक, स्नातकोत्तर तहका विद्यार्थी, प्राध्यापक, लेखक र जिज्ञासु पाठकलाई सहयोग पुग्दछ ।
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Exploring Opportunities and Challenges of Destination Branding of Pokhara
The tourism industry is one of the fastest growing industry and has been a key factor for economic growth in several developing countries. But in the present era of globalization, due to rapid technological changes and increased global competition, destinations are now also directed towards branding themselves to deliver the correct brand image in the global arena. Pokhara has been the pioneer tourism destination and the market leader destination in Nepal. Due to the unique and stunning view of mountains, lakes and other natural, cultural as well as cultural amenities, Pokhara has been the first choice of tourists coming to Nepal and so it has been living with its self-made destination brand. This research has been carried on the same background to find the real essence of destination branding in an exploratory approach using In-depth Interview as the methodology of data collection. The opportunities and challenges of destination branding of Pokhara have been discussed using the various determinants. 5 experts were taken as the key informants from diverse fields in order to get the valid and reliable data. The research has provided with some framework of destination branding of Pokhara under the brand name ‘Paradise Pokhara’ and tagline/slogan ‘Nature, Culture and Adventure’.
Factors Affecting Investment Decisions of Permanent School Teachers in Pokhara
Investing is the use of money to increase its worth or generate more revenue. This article has been designed to examine the factors affecting investment decision of permanent school teachers in Pokhara. This study is based on causal comparative research design. It has used structured questionnaire to collect information. Samples were selected by multi sampling technique, selecting the than Chhorepatan Resource Center by purposive sampling in the first and selecting 139 permanent school teachers by simple random sampling in the second stage. The Total population of permanent school teachers of Pokhara Metropolitan City was 1,588 and targeted population was 211. The reliability of data is checked by calculating Cronbach Alpha and it was 0.77. Accounting information (AI), Firm`s Image (FI), Advocate Recommendation (AR), Personal Financial Need (PFA) and Dividend Policy (DP) were independent variable and Investment Decision (ID) was dependent variable. This research discovered that 61.2% of permanent teachers invest their fund in equity share. Lump sum investment method was more popular than systematic investment plan and monthly investment. 80% of permanent teachers invest less than 20% of their savings. Respondents prefers both cash and stock dividend policy. Regular income was found as main objective of investment. Friends and coworker’s advice was also considering while investing in equity share. This research has also presumed that there was positive significant relation between investment decisions and decision factors. It is suggested to the investors of stock market, to analyze the fundamental factors of issuer and the issuer should follow regular dividend policy to attract the value investors toward their securities.
Exploring Key Factors Shaping the Effectiveness of Mobile Banking in Pokhara’s Financial Landscape
In the contemporary financial landscape with the anticipated transformation of engagements through mobile banking, this study aims to understand the factors influencing the efficacy of mobile banking services in the Pokhara valley. Using a survey approach with 410 participants, the Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicates a well-fitting measurement model (RMSEA=0.034, GFI=0.941, AGFI=0.923, χ2/df = 1.486, CFI=0.901, TLI=0.887). Key associations reveal that User Adoption negatively impacts effectiveness, while Security Concerns, Ease of Use, and Customer Support positively influence it. Technical Issues, however, have a negative effect. The Squared Multiple Correlation for Mobile Banking Effectiveness is 0.608, emphasizing a substantial proportion of explained variance. Implications stress the need for Pokhara valley financial institutions to recognize and address user adoption and security concerns, with strategic efforts focusing on user education and technological support to enhance mobile banking effectiveness.
An Exploratory Study of Food Waste in the Hospitality Industry of Pokhara
One-third of the global food production is wasted globally. Food production is a resource intensive process and safe disposal of food wasted requires additional resources. In tourism industry food is just more than fulfillment of basic needs. Food is linked with the experience. Food wastage in hospitality is accepted as a major challenge with multifaced consequences and awareness to address the issue of food waste is also increasing. In the context of developing countries like Nepal the topic is still under-studied. Therefore, this study is focused on owners and managers perspective on food wastage in tourism industry of Pokhara with the objectives of identifying current composition and causes of food waste and established approaches to mitigate it. This study was carried out with key informants’ in-depth interview and on-site observations. Unrealistic expectations, unsustainable consumption patterns, lack of general public awareness and management limitations on wastage controlling were major themes identified by the study. The findings call for quantitative study in mass scale to know the exact situation of the food waste in hospitality industry of Pokhara.
Unveiling the Dimensionality of Pricing Strategy in the Tourism Industry: An Exploratory Factor Analysis
Tourism is a dynamic and ever-changing industry that plays a significant role in the global economy. As competition intensifies, tourist firms must design effective pricing strategies to attract and retain clients. The objective of the study is to explore the most influencing pricing strategies in the tourism business. A structured questionnaire was developed to discover the price strategy of various tourism enterprises in the Gandaki Province of Nepal. Exploratory factor analysis entails several stages to uncover these hidden components. Factors with eigenvalues greater than one are considered significant to confirm the constructs. Among five construct variables, competition-based pricing explains the highest variance and is followed by a customer-centric pricing strategy. This study provides significant insights into tourism industries’ sustainable competitive advantages. Keywords: Exploratory factor analysis, Nepal, Pokhara, pricing strategy, tourism business
Exploring the Painting Artist Perceptions Towards Their Career Sustainability in Pokhara
This qualitative study investigates sustainable career perceptions among painting artists in Pokhara, utilizing pseudo names for participants: Ram, Hari, Purnima, and Kalpana. Through purposive sampling, semi-structured interviews was conducted to gather insights. Thematic analysis was applied to identify patterns and themes within the data. Ethical considerations, such as informed consent and participant confidentiality, was strictly followed. By employing these methods, this study shed light on the intricacies of sustaining an art career in Pokhara. This study reveals how personal passion and adaptability influence painting artists’ careers in Pokhara, emphasizing their contribution to personal fulfillment, the art community, and society. It underscores the importance of resilience, personal branding, financial awareness, and gender dynamics in navigating challenges. Art communities and organizations can use the insights of this study to develop collaborative initiatives that support artists, encourage networking, and nurture emerging talents, ultimately contributing to a thriving art community. Keywords: Adaptability, community engagement, painting artists, personal fulfillment, sustainable careers