GMMC Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies
Research Management Cell, Gupteshwor Mahadev Multiple Campus
It is with immense pride and pleasure that the editorial team of GMMC presents the thirteenth edition of the annual research publication, “GMMC Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies”. This milestone marks the culmination of dedicated efforts from the Research Management Cell of GMMC, which has consistently upheld a tradition of academic excellence and scholarly contributions for over thirteen years. Continuing its legacy, this journal serves as a testament to our unwavering commitment to fostering a research-oriented culture among our faculty and contributors. Each of the 11 research articles included in this volume embodies the highest standards of academic rigor, adhering to international norms and cutting-edge methodologies. The articles are drawn from a wide array of disciplines, including management, literature, pedagogy, culture, and philosophy, ensuring the journal stays true to its interdisciplinary mission. As an academic institution, GMMC remains steadfast in its pursuit of knowledge creation and dissemination. This publication not only provides a platform for researchers to share their work but also inspires our faculty and scholars to keep exploring, questioning, and contributing to the expanding horizons of knowledge. By facilitating research and publication, GMMC emphasizes its role as a dynamic institution where learning transcends traditional boundaries, encouraging educators and researchers to venture beyond fixed curricula and established frameworks. In this thirteenth volume, the diversity and depth of the included research reflect our contributors' relentless curiosity and academic integrity. These works aim to bridge theoretical understanding with practical applications, offering insights that enrich the academic community and benefit society at large. We extend our heartfelt gratitude to all contributors, whose scholarly works form the backbone of this journal. Our sincere thanks also go to the Campus Administration, Peer Review Team, Campus Management Committee, Gupteshwor Mahadev Cave Management Committee, and all stakeholders for their unwavering support and collaboration. It is through their collective efforts that this journal continues to thrive as a beacon of academic achievement. As we release this edition on the eve of December 31, 2024, we look forward to sustaining this tradition of excellence and anticipate even more impactful contributions in the years to come. Editorial Board GMMC Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Volume 13, December 2024
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
लेखनाथ पौड्याल र उनको ‘पिँजराको सुगा’ कवितामा अभिव्यञ्जित भाव
लेखनाथ पौड्याल र उनको पिँजराको सुगा कवितामा अभिव्यञ्जित भावको विश्लेषण गर्ने उद्देश्यमा यस अनुसन्धानात्मक लेख आधारित छ । यस लेखको अध्ययनको प्रमुख क्षेत्र लेखनाथ पौड्याल र पिँजराको सुगा कविता रहेको छ । यस अध्ययनको समस्याका रूपमा लेखनाथ पौड्यालको कवि व्यक्तित्व र पिँजराको सुगा कवितामा अभिव्यञ्जित भावको स्वरूपलाई लिइएको छ । लेखनाथको कवि व्यक्तित्व र कविता यात्रा एवम् पिँजराको सुगा कवितामा अभिव्यञ्जित भाव कस्तो रहेको छ यस जिज्ञासालाई यस अध्ययनमा निरूपण गरिएको छ । लेखनाथले माध्यमिककालीन श्रृङ्गारिक प्रकृति र अनुवाद रूपान्तरणको परम्पराबाट फुत्कँदै परिष्कारवादी धाराका माध्यमबाट नेपाली कवितालाई आधुनिक युगमा प्रवेश गराएको पाइन्छ । लेखनाथका कवितामा युगीन सामाजिक चेतना, आध्यात्मिक चेत, सामाजिक एवम् आध्यात्मिक सुधार, पुनर्जागरणको प्रयत्न एवम् बौद्धिकताको समन्वय तथा भाषा र लयको सहज एवम् परिष्कृत प्रयोग पाइन्छ । पौड्यालको पिँजराको सुगा कविता अभिधात्मक रूपमा बालपाठ्यसामग्री पिँजरामा थुनिएको सुगाको कथा भए पनि व्यञ्जनात्मक रूपमा सहरीया सामन्ती परिवेशको पिँजरामा बाँच्न विवश कवि जीवन, राणाशासनको निरङ्कुश शासनको पिँजरामा थुनिएको नेपाली समाज एवम् सांसारिक पिँजरामा परेर बन्धनीय जीवनलाई यस लेखमा तइभ्वमीमांसाका रूपमा लिइएको छ । गुणात्मक प्रकृतिको यस लेखमा व्याख्यापरक विधिमार्फत विश्लेषण गरी ज्ञान निर्माण गरिएको छ । उद्देश्यमूलक नमुना छनौट पद्धतिको प्रयोग गरी प्राथमिक र द्वितीयक स्रोतका सामग्रीहरूबाट प्राप्त तथ्य एवम् प्रमाणका आधारमा लेखनाथ पौड्याल र उनको पिँजराको सुगा कविताको विश्लेषण गरिको छ । पुस्तकालयीय कार्यमार्फत सामग्री सङ्कलन गरी अध्ययन गरिएको यस अध्ययनमा कविलाई माध्यमिक कालको श्रृङ्गारिक धारामा उदाएर नेपाली कवितामा आधुनिकता ल्याउने कवि व्यक्तित्वको रूपमा चित्रण गरिएको छ । पँजराको सुगा कवितामा परिवर्तन र मुक्तिको चाहना राखिएको र उत्पीडनको विरोध गर्दै स्वतन्त्रताको आकाङ्क्षा एवम् आध्यात्मिक जीवनप्रतिको मोह अभिव्यञ्जित भएको छ भन्ने यस अध्ययनको निष्कर्ष रहेको छ ।
Examining the Behavioral Biases Influencing on ESG Investing: A Systematic Review using PRISMA
The aims of this study are to review past research on the relationship between behavioral biases and decision making in environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing. Data were collected from three databases (Google Scholar, JSTOR and Research 4 Life) using PRISMA in the context of behavioral biases and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing time frame from 2013 to 2023. The 2013 was the base period due to the cause of the Governance pillar in the Eurozone for ESG investing. The inclusion criteria for this review were publication published in the English language, open access articles, and only peer-reviewed articles. The findings of the study show that there is a significant relationship between behavioral biases and ESG investing. The researcher found that there are more male participants in the capital market and 35 distinct biases examining the ESG decision by investors with non-probability techniques to collect samples. This study extends the existing knowledge on the past study being research related to a relationship between behavioral biases and ESG investing. This study assists researchers, academicians, and policymakers in understanding the behavioral biases of investors while making ESG investing decisions. Further research can be carried out by researchers in other contexts pension funds, and life insurance as there are no studies undertaken in these areas.
environmental, social and governance (ESG) investing
Employees’ Perception of Green Banking Practices in Nepal
Green banking differs from traditional banking as it focuses on promoting environment-friendly banking. Nowadays, due to the huge deterioration of the environment, not only human beings but also the day-to-day business environment suffers adversely. The objective of this research paper is to assess employee perceptions towards green banking practices in Nepalese commercial banks. Furthermore, the paper aims to assess the mechanisms of green banking practices, to analyze the impact of banking activities on green banking practices, to analyze the relationship between banking activities and green banking practices, to analyze the significant difference between green banking practices and to assess the challenges of green banking practices in Nepal from the employees’ angle. This study used descriptive and casual comparative research design and it took a sample of 390 employees working in three sample commercial banks. The independent variables are operational activities; employee-related practices, customer-related practices and bank’s policy-related practice whereas the dependent variable is green banking practices. Based on the responses of employee, it is concluded that debit cards, mobile banking, credit cards, online banking, and electronic payment are common in Nepalese commercial banks. From the correlation and regression analysis, it was found that the independent variable has a positive significant relationship to the green banking practices. The practice of green banking is more or less similar among the sample banks and there is a lack of evidence of difference between gender and green banking practice in Nepal. Most of the employees of sample banks perceive that the major barrier for the effective practice of green banking is customers’ insufficient awareness. Hence the green banking practice is more or less compulsory for making their institution competitive so the apex body should formulate effective policies and customer and employees too aware immediately as soon as possible.
Exploring Issues for Sustainable Smart City Development: A Resident-Centric Case Study in Hetauda
This study explores the challenges and opportunities for sustainable smart city development in Hetauda, Nepal, through a resident-centric approach. Using surveys and interviews, it investigates urban issues, residents’ preferences for smart solutions, and their readiness to adopt new technologies. The findings reveal critical challenges, including inadequate healthcare, traffic congestion, poor drainage systems, lack of higher education institutions, and limited digitization in government services. Residents emphasized the need for smart healthcare systems, advanced traffic management, and improved public transportation, highlighting a preference for solutions that address both social and environmental concerns. The study underscores the importance of resident engagement in planning and decision-making, recommending mechanisms like public forums and citizen advisory boards to ensure inclusive development. It also calls for capacity building within local governments and transparent communication to address resident anxieties. By prioritizing public needs and integrating green technologies, Hetauda can create a smart city framework that enhances quality of life while promoting sustainability. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers, emphasizing a resident-driven approach to urban transformation. Its implications extend beyond Hetauda, offering lessons for other underdeveloped regions seeking to balance technological advancements with social and environmental goals in their journey towards sustainable urban development.
Bibliometric Analysis of Machine Learning Models for Stock Price Prediction
Machine learning models are becoming more popular for predicting stock prices. Their advanced algorithms often perform better than traditional statistical methods. This study aims to carry out a bibliometric analysis using VosViewer. It focuses on the number, variety, and connections of studies related to stock price prediction using Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forests, and Deep Learning techniques. Boolean operators were used to search for and filter relevant articles from the Dimensions database. We conducted a manual review to select only high-quality studies, resulting in 55 peer-reviewed articles for analysis. The analysis highlights important trends, influential studies, and collaborative networks in the field. This provides a clear overview of how machine learning models are developing for stock price prediction. There has been a notable rise in publications since 2013, with major contributions from institutions in the United States, the United Kingdom, India, and China. Emerging themes, especially deep learning applications, have been identified. However, there is still a lack of in-depth academic evaluation of these models. This study stresses the need for more empirical research to address algorithmic biases and improve model reliability. The findings offer useful insights for researchers and practitioners, guiding future studies and helping to develop more accurate stock price prediction models.
The Dynamics of Life Insurance Demand: Insights from Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City
This study aims to investigate the factors contributing to life insurance policy demand in this dynamic business scenario. The study identifies key variables, including demographic factors, economic factors, perceived service of insurance companies, company image, other insured and peer influence, and various motives of individuals as major explanatory factors of life insurance demand. The findings and conclusions are derived from a descriptive and causal-comparative study methodology that is survey-based. A comprehensive survey was performed among the residents of Butwal Sub-Metropolitan city. Considering the total number of insured residing in the Butwal Sub-metropolitan City population, 420 individuals purchased life insurance policies from the insurance company branch office located in Butwal, Sub-metropolitan city, was taken as a sample and approached through the help of the corresponding insurance company’s insurance agents. The study employed inferential statistical techniques to examine the strength of the explanatory variables in explaining the demand for life insurance. The study’s result revealed that economic factors, insurance service perception, insurance awareness, persuasion and influence, tax-saving motives, bequest motives and wealth accumulation motives are the most significant factors in explaining the life insurance demand. It is found from the Kruskal Wallis test that the number of dependent family members of respondents has a significant difference in the demand for life insurance. As a way to better meet customer needs and increase the total demand for life insurance policies in this dynamic business environment, insurance companies can use the study’s insightful findings to customize their offerings and marketing plans.
Awareness of Policyholders towards the Terms and Conditions of Life Insurance Policy
Life insurance is a long-term investment and risk management tool. Yet policyholders often fail to recall the major attributes of the policy and its terms and conditions. The memory, understand and awareness towards the life insurance policy is influenced by various factors. The research aims to examine the association between the policyholders’ mental states, including their recall of policy characteristics, the value placed on policies, and their retained knowledge with the age and level of education. The study follows quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional research design. Data were gathered from 474 purposively selected policyholders in Gandaki and Bagmati Province using structured questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential tools were employed for analysis. Most policyholders are unaware of the maturity period of their policies, while only 2% cannot recall the purchased year. Memory of terms like premium waivers shows weak correlations, with even weaker links for other contract details. Out of seven tested associations, age has been found to be an insignificant factor, but education significantly influenced recall of some policy aspects. Many policyholders neglect reading terms and conditions, relying heavily on agents or relatives. Factors such as forced selling, policy complexity, and overconfidence in insurers contribute to this behavior, as explained by Cognitive Dissonance Theory. Policyholders tend to avoid engaging with contract details to reduce psychological discomfort, leading to insufficient understanding and potential loss of benefits. The findings emphasize the need for insurers to implement better education and communication strategies to enhance policyholders’ awareness and engagement with their insurance products. Jel code: D83, G22
Use of ChatGPT and Its Impact on Students’ Learning Experience Among the Students from Higher Education Institutions in Pokhara
The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools like ChatGPT has seen rapid adoption among students for tasks such as writing, summarizing, and research in recent years. This study aims to investigate the factors influencing ChatGPT usage and its impact on students’ learning outcomes, focusing on higher education institutions (HEIs) in Pokhara, Nepal. A quantitative research approach was employed, utilizing descriptive and analytical designs. Data were collected from 184 valid responses through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using statistical tools, including mean analysis and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The study explored constructs such as reliability, accuracy, security, privacy, usefulness, and convenience. The findings reveal that convenience and reliability significantly influence the use of ChatGPT, while accuracy, security, and privacy do not show a statistically significant effect. Moreover, the study found a strong positive relationship between the use of ChatGPT and its impact on learning, indicating that increased usage leads to enhanced learning experiences, access to educational resources, and improved academic productivity. This study highlights that ease of use and reliability are key factors driving ChatGPT’s adoption in educational settings, providing valuable insights for educators and policymakers to optimize AI tools for effective learning.
Analysis of Generic Skills, Circumstances, Labor Market and Perceived Employability
Practical educational and human resource development strategies must maximize the relationship between skill development and employability outcomes. This research examined the relationship between external labor market, university brand, curriculum, emotional quotient, teamwork, and entrepreneurial skills with the student’s perceived employability. This study used a quantitative approach, descriptive research design, and a primary questionnaire method, along with collected 384 responses from college students. To determine sample non-probability convenience sampling used in the study. The study conducted regression, correlation analyses, and descriptive statistics to analyze the data. The findings show a positive relationship between SPE and factors like curriculum, university brand, entrepreneurial skill, emotional quotient, teamwork, and external labor market conditions. Importantly, the quality of the curriculum and the university brand were found to be fundamental determinants of how employable graduates felt about themselves. The study recommends increasing graduates’ employability by strengthening institutional reputation, encouraging entrepreneurial skills, and improving curriculum relevance. These observations add to the quantity of information on employability and provide helpful advice for academic institutions and policymakers who want to match curricula to industry needs better. Future researchers can examine the long-term effects of these traits and determine how applicable they are in different geographic and cultural perspectives. JEL Codes: J24, J62, I23, O15
Monetary Indicator and Economic Growth of SAARC Countries
Monetary indicators are the inflation rate, exchange rate, broad money supply, interest rate and so on. This study aims to investigate the association and effect of monetary indicators on economic growth of SAARC nations. The foreign direct investment is taken as a control variable. There are used descriptive and casual research designs. The investigation is based on panel data over 23-years period from 2000 to 2022 of selected seven SAARC nations: Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, and Sri-Lanka. The research used POLS model for data analysis. The study concludes that there is a positive association between monetary indicators (i.e. rate of interest) and economic growth rate whereas a negative association between broad money supply, inflation rate, exchange rate, and economic growth rate. Similarly, the positive effect of interest rate on the economic growth rate but the exchange rate and inflation rate negatively affect economic growth rate. Among the variables exchange rate is the most influencing variable, therefore the SAARC nations should consider maintaining stability of the exchange rate. Despite the remarkable progress monetary indicators have achieved over the years, they are mostly ineffective in achieving their policy objectives because of shortcomings in the tools at their disposal and monetary indicators considerably influence on the economic growth of selected SAARC nations. Consequently, the policy makers and regulators consider monetary policy variables to enhance economic growth in selected South Asian countries.
Women’s Labor Migration and Gender Nexus (A Study of Migrant’s Families in Pokhara, Nepal)
The study aimed to investigate and analyze the effects of the global market on gender practices. Women’s labor migration has multifaceted effects on families. In Nepal, there have been increasing trends of women’s labor migration in the last ten years, i.e., from 8595 in 2008/2009 to 20578 in 2018/2019, as per the Nepal Labor Migration Report 2020. The mobility of women’s migration doesn’t only boost national income but also makes women self-reliant. In Nepal’s traditional society and culture, this cumulative trend of women’s migration has created new discourse in gender practices. So, this study aims to investigate the reconstruction of gender roles and responsibilities and the shifting pattern of power in a household’s structure. Data from both primary sources and secondary literature is used to support the arguments. The study is guided by feminist standpoint theory and Marxian theory. The data were purposefully selected from 198 households of women’s migrant families in Pokhara, Nepal in 2022. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to gather the information. The finding reveals that the traditional patriarchal mode of society is changing, where women are more dependent on men for their survival. Not only migrant women, but the women left behind, who act as proxy managers, are playing a crucial role in household formation and decision-making. The various forms of capital gained in transnational space have not only changed cultural ideologies about gender practices but also assured women’s freedom, independence, and confidence in the public sphere of life.
नेपाली साहित्य, समसामयिक सन्दर्भ र अभिलक्षण
मानवीय अनुभव र संवेदनालाई कलात्मक रूपमा प्रस्तुत गर्ने काम साहित्यमा हुन्छ । साहित्यले लेखक पाठक, स्रोता सबैलाई हित गर्दछ । नेपाली साहित्य अन्तर्गत लघुकथा, कथा, उपन्यास, गजल, मुक्तक, फुटकर कविता, खण्डकाव्य, महाकाव्य, नाटक, एकाङ्की, संवाद, वादविवाद, जीवनी, निबन्ध आदि विधा, उपविधा पर्दछन् । प्रस्तुत लेखमा नेपाली साहित्य समसामयिक सन्दर्भ र अभिलक्षणलाई प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । नेपाली साहित्यका प्रमुख विधा नाटक, कविता, आख्यान र निबन्धका समसामयिक सन्दर्भ र अभिलक्षण के कस्ता रहेका छन् ? प्रस्तुत गर्ने सन्दर्भमा यो लेख तयार पारिएको छ । नाटक विधामा प्रयोगवादी प्रवृत्ति, विज्ञान नाटक, सडक नाटक (समूहगत) अभिलक्षणलाई जोड दिइएको छ । कविता विधामा सरलता, सम्प्रेष्य विषयवस्तु, स्वतन्त्रता, प्रजातान्त्रिक मूल्यमान्यतालाई जोड दिइएको छ । आख्यान अन्तर्गत पर्ने कथा र उपन्यास विधामा समतामूलक समाजको निर्माण, क्रान्तिकारी प्रगतिवादी चेतना, शोषित वर्ग सङ्गठित भइ अन्यायका विरुद्ध लाग्नुपर्ने पक्षलाई प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ भने निबन्ध विधाका समसामयिक प्रवृत्ति यात्रा वर्णन, हास्यव्यङ्ग्य दार्शनिकता, बौद्धिकता आदि रहेका छन् । यो लेखबाट स्नातक, स्नातकोत्तर तहका विद्यार्थी, प्राध्यापक, लेखक र जिज्ञासु पाठकलाई सहयोग पुग्दछ ।
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring Opportunities and Challenges of Destination Branding of Pokhara
The tourism industry is one of the fastest growing industry and has been a key factor for economic growth in several developing countries. But in the present era of globalization, due to rapid technological changes and increased global competition, destinations are now also directed towards branding themselves to deliver the correct brand image in the global arena. Pokhara has been the pioneer tourism destination and the market leader destination in Nepal. Due to the unique and stunning view of mountains, lakes and other natural, cultural as well as cultural amenities, Pokhara has been the first choice of tourists coming to Nepal and so it has been living with its self-made destination brand. This research has been carried on the same background to find the real essence of destination branding in an exploratory approach using In-depth Interview as the methodology of data collection. The opportunities and challenges of destination branding of Pokhara have been discussed using the various determinants. 5 experts were taken as the key informants from diverse fields in order to get the valid and reliable data. The research has provided with some framework of destination branding of Pokhara under the brand name ‘Paradise Pokhara’ and tagline/slogan ‘Nature, Culture and Adventure’.
Factors Affecting Investment Decisions of Permanent School Teachers in Pokhara
Investing is the use of money to increase its worth or generate more revenue. This article has been designed to examine the factors affecting investment decision of permanent school teachers in Pokhara. This study is based on causal comparative research design. It has used structured questionnaire to collect information. Samples were selected by multi sampling technique, selecting the than Chhorepatan Resource Center by purposive sampling in the first and selecting 139 permanent school teachers by simple random sampling in the second stage. The Total population of permanent school teachers of Pokhara Metropolitan City was 1,588 and targeted population was 211. The reliability of data is checked by calculating Cronbach Alpha and it was 0.77. Accounting information (AI), Firm`s Image (FI), Advocate Recommendation (AR), Personal Financial Need (PFA) and Dividend Policy (DP) were independent variable and Investment Decision (ID) was dependent variable. This research discovered that 61.2% of permanent teachers invest their fund in equity share. Lump sum investment method was more popular than systematic investment plan and monthly investment. 80% of permanent teachers invest less than 20% of their savings. Respondents prefers both cash and stock dividend policy. Regular income was found as main objective of investment. Friends and coworker’s advice was also considering while investing in equity share. This research has also presumed that there was positive significant relation between investment decisions and decision factors. It is suggested to the investors of stock market, to analyze the fundamental factors of issuer and the issuer should follow regular dividend policy to attract the value investors toward their securities.
Exploring Key Factors Shaping the Effectiveness of Mobile Banking in Pokhara’s Financial Landscape
In the contemporary financial landscape with the anticipated transformation of engagements through mobile banking, this study aims to understand the factors influencing the efficacy of mobile banking services in the Pokhara valley. Using a survey approach with 410 participants, the Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicates a well-fitting measurement model (RMSEA=0.034, GFI=0.941, AGFI=0.923, χ2/df = 1.486, CFI=0.901, TLI=0.887). Key associations reveal that User Adoption negatively impacts effectiveness, while Security Concerns, Ease of Use, and Customer Support positively influence it. Technical Issues, however, have a negative effect. The Squared Multiple Correlation for Mobile Banking Effectiveness is 0.608, emphasizing a substantial proportion of explained variance. Implications stress the need for Pokhara valley financial institutions to recognize and address user adoption and security concerns, with strategic efforts focusing on user education and technological support to enhance mobile banking effectiveness.
An Exploratory Study of Food Waste in the Hospitality Industry of Pokhara
One-third of the global food production is wasted globally. Food production is a resource intensive process and safe disposal of food wasted requires additional resources. In tourism industry food is just more than fulfillment of basic needs. Food is linked with the experience. Food wastage in hospitality is accepted as a major challenge with multifaced consequences and awareness to address the issue of food waste is also increasing. In the context of developing countries like Nepal the topic is still under-studied. Therefore, this study is focused on owners and managers perspective on food wastage in tourism industry of Pokhara with the objectives of identifying current composition and causes of food waste and established approaches to mitigate it. This study was carried out with key informants’ in-depth interview and on-site observations. Unrealistic expectations, unsustainable consumption patterns, lack of general public awareness and management limitations on wastage controlling were major themes identified by the study. The findings call for quantitative study in mass scale to know the exact situation of the food waste in hospitality industry of Pokhara.
Unveiling the Dimensionality of Pricing Strategy in the Tourism Industry: An Exploratory Factor Analysis
Tourism is a dynamic and ever-changing industry that plays a significant role in the global economy. As competition intensifies, tourist firms must design effective pricing strategies to attract and retain clients. The objective of the study is to explore the most influencing pricing strategies in the tourism business. A structured questionnaire was developed to discover the price strategy of various tourism enterprises in the Gandaki Province of Nepal. Exploratory factor analysis entails several stages to uncover these hidden components. Factors with eigenvalues greater than one are considered significant to confirm the constructs. Among five construct variables, competition-based pricing explains the highest variance and is followed by a customer-centric pricing strategy. This study provides significant insights into tourism industries’ sustainable competitive advantages. Keywords: Exploratory factor analysis, Nepal, Pokhara, pricing strategy, tourism business
Exploring the Painting Artist Perceptions Towards Their Career Sustainability in Pokhara
This qualitative study investigates sustainable career perceptions among painting artists in Pokhara, utilizing pseudo names for participants: Ram, Hari, Purnima, and Kalpana. Through purposive sampling, semi-structured interviews was conducted to gather insights. Thematic analysis was applied to identify patterns and themes within the data. Ethical considerations, such as informed consent and participant confidentiality, was strictly followed. By employing these methods, this study shed light on the intricacies of sustaining an art career in Pokhara. This study reveals how personal passion and adaptability influence painting artists’ careers in Pokhara, emphasizing their contribution to personal fulfillment, the art community, and society. It underscores the importance of resilience, personal branding, financial awareness, and gender dynamics in navigating challenges. Art communities and organizations can use the insights of this study to develop collaborative initiatives that support artists, encourage networking, and nurture emerging talents, ultimately contributing to a thriving art community. Keywords: Adaptability, community engagement, painting artists, personal fulfillment, sustainable careers
Changing Structure of Concessional Loan in Nepal
This article highlights the changing scenario of concessional loan in Nepal. It examines the policies, trends, and structural shifts within the country’s financial framework. A concessional loan is a crucial tool for the economic development of Nepal. It aimed at promoting economic efficiency and equitable distribution of income throughout the country. Using secondary data from FY 2017/18 to FY 2021/22, this study evaluates the trend and structure of concessional loan in Nepal. The findings reveal that there is a significant surge in both the volume of concessional loan and the number of borrowers across different headings of concessional loan. Particularly, the number of borrowers of Women entrepreneurship loan are remarkably increased in the recent years. However, the concentration of loan among larger borrowers and the misappropriation of funds raises concerns regarding the program’s effectiveness. Furthermore, the commercial banks play a dominant role in disbursing concessional loan. Agricultural Development Bank Limited is a key contributor, aligning with the government’s focus on promoting the agricultural sector. This study recommended a call for a comprehensive evaluation of the concessional loan program. The reevaluation of the program could be crucial to fine-tune the policies, address challenges, and focus the program toward its goals of enhancing productivity, promoting financial inclusion, and fostering equal distribution income distribution in Nepal.
Future of Education in the Era of Artificial Intelligence
The increasing use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the field of education has raised significant concerns regarding the potential displacement of educators by AI systems. The present study explores the diverse domain of artificiala intelligence’s influence on academia, examining its capacity to transform conventional educational frameworks. By conducting a methodical investigation using scholarly resources including IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, ERIC, and Google Scholar, this study develops an extensive compilation of 135 publications that were published between January 2017 and June 2023. The results of the study demonstrate a dynamic environment in which artificial intelligence serves as both a stimulant and a challenge. The present analysis emphasizes the complex relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and education, as evidenced by the theoretical underpinnings emphasized by Panaou et al. (2012), as well as the promise of AI advocated by Luckin et al. (2016). The research highlights the significance of adopting a well-rounded strategy, wherein artificial intelligence serves to enhance the responsibilities of educators rather than replace them.
Customer Delight in Futsal of Pokhara Valley: A Narrative Study From the Customer Perspective
Futsal is a popular sport in Nepal and futsal centers play an important role in providing opportunities for people to play and enjoy the game. This study explored the factors that contribute to customer delight in futsal centers in Pokhara. A narrative analysis of the stories of futsal participants identified three distinct themes: physical environment, social interaction and surprise and joy. The participants emphasized the importance of a safe and comfortable physical environment, as well as the opportunity to socialize with friends and meet new people. They were also surprised by some of the positive benefits of playing futsal, such as weight loss and improved sleep quality. Finally, they experienced joy from a variety of things, such as winning games, spending time with friends, and being recognized by others. The findings of this study suggest that futsal centers should focus on providing a safe and comfortable physical environment, fostering social interaction, and surprising and delighting customers with unexpected benefits. By doing so, futsal centers can attract and retain customers, build loyalty, and generate positive word-of-mouth.
Socio-Economic Consequences of Remittance on Households in Pokhara Valley
There has been a continuous discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of the continuously increasing remittance flows. On the one hand, few studies in different parts of the world have noted that remittances have increased conspicuous consumption and decreased the Labour supply for farming and agriculture. Instead, several others have shown how enhancing food, health, and education can help recipient households’ quality of life. Thus, this study aims to analyze the socio-economic consequences of remittance on households in Pokhara Valley Through the use of a structured questionnaire, data on how much money families who receive and do not receive remittances spend and invest on a variety of household activities, such as food, children’s health, education, consumer goods, and asset investment, were collected, compared and analyzed using various statistical tools like frequencies, mean, standard deviation and independent samples t-test. The association of the two categories of households of the study on involvement in agriculture and farming was examined using the chi-square test. The study has shown that the remittance income has increased the purchasing power of remittance-receiving households which has led to an increment in the spending capacity of those households. The results indicate that remittance positively affects the improvement of human capital as the remittance recipient households spend more on family members’ education and health services than remittance non-recipient households do. However, remittance has also resulted in conspicuous consumption and higher spending on non-productive activities. In addition, it has adversely affected the participation of recipient families on involvement in agriculture and farming, ultimately necessitating the importation of food grains. On this basis, it is recommended that the government should develop measures that can stimulate remittance recipient families on remittance investments in the development of the domestic economy, national output, and agricultural production rather than spending on unproductive activities.
Incredible Contradiction between Liminality and Communitas in Nehru’s An Autobiography
This paper examines An Autobiography of Jawaharlal Nehru focusing on the performativity of his liminality at Harrow and Cambridge in England from 1905 to 1912. Being separated from his family and nation, he got a higher education there. The concepts of liminality and communitas by Turner and the idea of the ‘rites of passage’ by van Gennep are used as theoretical bases for analyzing the autobiographical narrative. The analysis of the textual evidence responds to how Nehru, the icon of Indian political and economic modernity, performs in a liminal space of a foreign land and explores how and why the organicity between liminality and communitas as theoretically claimed does not work in the cases of his life-writing. The discussion then finally identifies the distinct economic status, multiple references to politics, diverse family legacy, and lack of ‘we feeling’ among the group members responsible for breaking the organic union between liminality and communitas and promoting an incredible contradiction. Fundamentally, this study supports perceiving the notions regarding the performance of the person in a liminal space. At the same time, it also assists in spotting the obstructive aspects behind the organic relation between the generally inseparable concepts of liminality and communitas in the customary rites of passage.
प्रस्तुत आलेख रिमालका नाटकमा आयोजित द्वन्द्वविधान केलाउने सन्दर्भमा तयार पारिएको हो । रिमाल नेपाली नाट्य साहित्यका आधुनिक कवि तथा नाटककार व्यक्तित्व हुन् । नेपाली कविता विधामा गद्य शैलीको आमन्त्रण गरेका रिमालले नेपाली नाट्य साहित्यमा नारीसमस्यामूलकता र यथार्थवादी चेत भियभयाए । रिमाल आफ्नो समयमा परम्पराभन्दा अलिक भिन्न व्यक्तित्व लिएर देखा परेका साहित्यकार हुन् । यिनले नेपाली नाट्य साहित्यमा नारीसमस्यामूलकता आमन्त्रण गर्दै नेपाली नारीहरूलाई पुरुषहरूको स्वेच्छाचारिता र उनीहरूमा निहित कामुकताका विरुद्धमा विद्रोह गर्न लगाए । पुस्तकालयीय अध्ययनमा आधारित प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानमा रिमालका मुख्यतः मसान र अंशतः यो प्रेम नाटकमा निहित द्वन्द्वको आयोजनलाई केलाउने यत्न भएको छ । रिमालका नाटकमा निहित द्वन्द्व विधानका बारे जिज्ञासा राख्ने अध्येताहरूलाई बौद्धिक खुराक प्रदान गर्ने लक्ष्य स्वरूप प्रस्तुत आलेखको तयारी गरिएको हो ।
पूर्वीय दर्शनको आधार पुराण र गीताः समलोचनात्मक प्रस्तुति
पूर्वीय दर्शनलाई थोरै भए पनि केलाउने ध्येयले उपरोक्त शीर्षक राखेर लेखिएको यो लेखको मुख्य उद्धेश्य पुराण र गीतामा आधारित पूर्वीय दर्शनको केही लेखाजोखा गर्नु हो । द्वितीय तथ्यांकको रुपमा भगवान प्रदत्त भनाइ र अन्य विज्ञहरुबाट लेखिएका पुस्तकहरुबाट आवश्यक तथ्यांक लिएर साथै विभिन्न विज्ञका भनाइ, लेख तथा रचनालाई केलाएर यो लेख तयार गरिएको छ । पूर्वीय दर्शनमा कतिपय प्रथा, चलन यस्ता देखिए तिनले लामो समयसम्म निरन्तरता पाए जसले गर्दा जातीय र लैङ्गिक विभदको सुरुवात भयो यसले पूर्वीय समाजको विकासमा अवरोध ल्यायो । पाश्चात्य दर्शनभन्दा पुरानो पूर्र्वीय दर्शन अहिले विश्वभरिका अध्येताहरुलाई कौतुहलता र जिज्ञासाको मार्ग बनेको छ तर पूर्वको सती प्रथाले ल्याएको लैङ्गिक विभेद, मनुस्मृतिको जातीय विभेद समाज विकासका वाधक देखिए । पुराण कालिन द्वन्द्वको इतिहासले नवपिँढीको चेतनामा नकारात्मक सोचको सृजना गर्ने भएकाले सकारात्मक सोचको निर्माण गर्ने पूर्वको महत्वपूर्ण आदर्श निर्माणको ग्रन्थ गीतालाई विद्यालय तहबाटै प्रचार प्रसार गरी नवपिँढीमा यसको चेतना फैलाउनु उपयुक्त हुने यो लेखको निश्कर्ष रहेको छ ।
Household Solid Waste Generation and Composition in Pokhara
Population growth and distribution have significant roles to waste generation. Not only the number of people, but also the lifestyle, consumption patterns, and people inhabit and use directly affect the waste generation. More people demand more resources and generate more waste. One of the challenges of a growing population is that the mere presence of so many people sharing a limited number of resources strains the environment. Per capita waste generation has risen day by day. In this context, this study aimed to identify the current status of solid waste generation and composition in the households of Pokhara. For this purpose, 388 households were chosen from all the 33 wards of Pokhara Metropolitan City for collecting the information regarding waste generation and composition. Descriptive statistics was carried out for this study. The household waste generation rates varied depending on caste and ethnicity, the analysis of waste generation shows that the highest per capita generation making up 0.4 kg produced by Dalit, 0.33 kg produced by Janajati and 0.31 kg produced by Brahmin/Chhetri. The analysis of waste composition showed that organic matter accounted for the highest fraction, making up 64.47% of organic waste, 14.57% of reusable/recycle waste and 20.69 of landfill. The results can be used as part of the waste management planning purpose for the concerned stakeholders.
Christian Missions and ELT Missions: Inextricable Intertwinement
There has been a strong connection and relationship between Christian missionary work and English Language Teaching (ELT) all over the world. Some arguments clearly explain how Christian missions and ELT are interrelated. Evangelical Christians are growing a presence in the field of English language teaching all over the world. A study carried out in the USA that has been done on the links between English language teaching, religious beliefs and missionary work. Similarly, there is a significant community of evangelical Christian educators within the field of TESOL. And this study clearly explains on how English Language Teaching has become a political project which is also connected to evangelism.
Perception of People about Climate Change in Western Nepal
People’s perceptions of climate change are known to differ between the various group of different geographical locations and to have fluctuated over time. Climate change will have wide-ranging effects on the environment, socio-economic, and related sectors. Irregularities of precipitation and increased temperature are the most commonly mentioned results of climate change for most of the respondents. Age, sex, educational qualification, yearly income, occupation, the ethnicity of respondents significantly associated with the knowledge about climate change. People’s perceptions of climate change at the local level may play a vital role to identify vulnerability to global climate change and to suggest some solutions for reducing the adverse impacts of climate change. Local people’s perception is based on the climatic events that they faced and the concern about deforestations’ excessive use of fossil fuels, air pollution, and urbanization. Local people’s perception is very important for the developing countries in which there is no sufficient station about climatic data so their knowledge is useful for policymaking.
On Φ-Recurrent Lorentzian α-Sasakian manifold with semi symmetric Non metric connection
The present work deals with the study of Φ-recurrent Lorentzian α-Sasakian manifold with semi-symmetric non metric connection.